Kurš datēja Jūlijs Cēzars?

Gajs Jūlijs Cēzars, (latīņu: Gaius Iulius Caesar; dzimis 100. gada p.m.ē. 13. jūlijā, miris 44. gada p.m.ē. 15. martā) bija romiešu militārais un politiskais līderis, kā arī labs orators. Viņam bija nozīmīga ietekme Romas Republikas pārtapšanā par Romas impēriju.

Kā populāru tradīciju politiķis Cēzars ar Marku Liciniju Krasu un Gneju Pompeju izveidoja neoficiālu triumvirātu, kas vairākus gadus dominēja Romas politikā. Viņu galvenais politiskais pretinieks bija Romas senāts, ko vadīja optimāti (Marks Porcijs Katons, Marks Kalpurnijs Bibuls u.c.). Iekarojot Galliju, Cēzars paplašināja Romas valdījumus līdz pat Ziemeļjūrai un ienesa Romas kultūru mūsdienu Francijas teritorijā. Tāpat 55. gadā p.m.ē. viņš vadīja pirmo romiešu iebrukumu Britānijā. Pēc triumvirāta izjukšanas Cēzars attālinājās no Pompeja un Romas senāta. 49. gadā p.m.ē. Cēzars, vadot savus leģionus pāri Rubikonas upei, uzsāka pilsoņu karu, pēc kura viņš kļuva par Romas valdnieku. Uzņemoties valsts pārvaldi, Cēzars uzsāka plašas reformas romiešu sabiedrībā un valdībā. Viņš tika pasludināts par "diktatoru uz mūžu" (dictator perpetuo) un centralizēja Republikas birokrātiju.

Marta īdu laikā (15. martā) 44. gadā p.m.ē. senatoru grupa Marka Bruta vadībā veica atentātu pret diktatoru, cerot atjaunot Romas Republikā iepriekšējo kārtību. Tomēr izcēlās vēl viens pilsoņu karš, kas noveda līdz autokrātijas nostiprināšanai Cēzara adoptētā troņmantnieka Augusta Oktaviāna vadībā. 42. gadā p.m.ē., divus gadus pēc atentāta, Senāts oficiāli iesvētīja Cēzaru kā vienu no romiešu dieviem.

Cēzara vārds kļuva par Romas impērijas valdnieku ("ķeizaru") titula sastāvdaļu, vēlāk šī tradīcija turpinājās arī Austrumromas impērijā, kur par cēzariem dēvēja līdzvaldniekus vai troņmantniekus. Kā valdnieka tituls tas viduslaikos saglabājās Svētās Romas impērijas (vēlāk arī Austrija un Vācijas Impēriju) laikā, kad tās valdnieki tika dēvēti par "ķeizariem", kā arī Bulgārijas, Serbijas un Krievijas valstīs, kur tās valdnieki tika dēvēti par "cariem".

Mamurra est un chevalier romain, intendant de Jules César dans les Gaules.

Il vivait au I^er siècle av. J.-C, amassa par ses exactions d’immenses richesses, et fit, à son retour, bâtir un palais magnifique sur le mont Cœlius.

Catulle a fait de sanglantes épigrammes contre ce favori de Jules César, justement décrié par ses rapines, par son luxe et par ses débauches. Dacier croit que la ville de Formies, qui, dans la satire V du livre I^er d’Horace, est appelée Mamurrarum urbs, lui appartenait. Mais il est plus probable que ce chevalier romain si décrié y avait seulement pris naissance, et que c’est un trait de satire qu’Horace lance en passant contre Mamurra. Formies dévient ainsi la ville des Mamurres parce que Mamurra l’a rendue célèbre par ses vices et ses déportements. Cela semble d’ailleurs plus dans le goût et le génie d’Horace, qui ne pouvait penser autrement que Catulle et tous les honnêtes gens de Rome sur ce fameux débauché.

Ce Mamurra est appelé ailleurs par Horace decoctor Formianus (le dissipateur, le mangeur de Formies), ce qui indique le cas qu’il en faisait. Il paraît que ce personnage était riche d’ailleurs, et avait à Rome une belle maison. Ce fut lui qui donna le premier, à Rome, l’exemple de faire incruster de marbre les murailles ; d’où cette sorte d’ornement prit en architecture le nom de décoration mamurrine.

Mucia Tertia (fl. 79 – 31 BC) was a Roman matrona who lived in the 1st century BC. She was the daughter of Quintus Mucius Scaevola, the pontifex maximus and consul in 95 BC.

Around 79 BC, Mucia married Pompey, a leading and soon-to-be dominant figure in Roman politics. She was the mother of all three of Pompey's known children. Pompey divorced her in 61 BC, either for adultery or for political reasons. She subsequently married Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and remained active in Roman politics, leading peace talks between her son Sextus Pompey and Octavian in 39 BC and maintaining a relationship of mutual respect with Octavian in the years that followed.

Lollia was an Ancient Roman noblewoman. She was the wife of Roman general Aulus Gabinius. She was also a mistress of Julius Caesar.

Servilia (c. 100 BC – after 42 BC) was a Roman matron from a distinguished family, the Servilii Caepiones. She was the daughter of Quintus Servilius Caepio and Livia, thus the maternal half-sister of Cato the Younger. She married Marcus Junius Brutus, with whom she had a son, the Brutus who, along with others in the Senate, assassinated Julius Caesar. After her first husband's death in 77 BC, she married Decimus Junius Silanus, and with him had a son and three daughters.

She gained fame as the mistress of Julius Caesar, whom her son Brutus and son-in-law Gaius Cassius Longinus would assassinate in 44 BC. Her affair with Caesar seems to have been publicly known in Rome at the time. Plutarch stated that she in turn was madly in love with Caesar. The relationship between the two probably started in 59 BC, after the death of Servilia's second husband although Plutarch implied it began when they were teenagers.

Cossutia was a Roman woman who became engaged to Julius Caesar prior to his reaching adulthood. There has been debate among historians on whether the marriage actually occurred.

Sempronia war eine römische Aristokratin der späten Republik. Sie war die Frau des Decimus Iunius Brutus, Konsul des Jahres 77 v. Chr., und nach Sallust aktive Teilnehmerin – zumindest Mitwisserin – an der catilinarischen Verschwörung.

Eunoë Maura was the wife of Bogudes, King of Western Mauretania. Her name has also been spelled Euries or Euryes or Eunoa.

Clodia (born Claudia; c. 94/95 BC), nicknamed Quadrantaria ("Quarter", from quadrantarius, the price of a visit to the public baths), Nola ("The Unwilling", from the verb nolo, in sarcastic reference to her alleged wantonness), Medea Palatina ("Medea of the Palatine") by Cicero (see below), and occasionally referred to in scholarship as Clodia Metelli ("Metellus's Clodia"), was one of three known daughters of the ancient Roman patrician Appius Claudius Pulcher.

Like many other women of the Roman elite, Clodia was very well-educated in Greek and philosophy, with a special talent for writing poetry. Her life, which was characterized by perpetual scandal, is immortalized in the writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero and, it is generally believed, in the poems of Gaius Valerius Catullus.

Tertulla was the wife of Marcus Licinius Crassus, "the richest man in Rome", and the mother of his two sons.

Ниса (др.-греч. Νύσα) — дочь царя Вифинии Никомеда IV (по другим, видимо, устаревшим сведениям — Никомеда III), жившая в I веке до н. э.

Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Koine Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Θεά Φιλοπάτωρ, lit. 'Cleopatra father-loving goddess'; 70/69 BC – 10 or 12 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and the last active Hellenistic pharaoh. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. Her first language was Koine Greek, and she is the only Ptolemaic ruler known to have learned the Egyptian language, among several others. After her death, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the Hellenistic period in the Mediterranean, which had begun during the reign of Alexander (336–323 BC).

Born in Alexandria, Cleopatra was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes, who named her his heir before his death in 51 BC. Cleopatra began her reign alongside her brother Ptolemy XIII, but a falling-out between them led to a civil war. Roman statesman Pompey fled to Egypt after losing the 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus against his rival Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, in Caesar's civil war. Pompey had been a political ally of Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy XIII had him ambushed and killed before Caesar arrived and occupied Alexandria. Caesar then attempted to reconcile the rival Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy XIII's forces besieged Cleopatra and Caesar at the palace. Shortly after the siege was lifted by reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII died in the Battle of the Nile. Caesar declared Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIV joint rulers, and maintained a private affair with Cleopatra which produced a son, Caesarion. Cleopatra traveled to Rome as a client queen in 46 and 44 BC, where she stayed at Caesar's villa. After Caesar's assassination, followed shortly afterwards by the sudden death of Ptolemy XIV (possibly murdered on Cleopatra's order), she named Caesarion co-ruler as Ptolemy XV.

In the Liberators' civil war of 43–42 BC, Cleopatra sided with the Roman Second Triumvirate formed by Caesar's heir Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. After their meeting at Tarsos in 41 BC, the queen had an affair with Antony, which produced three children. Antony became increasingly reliant on Cleopatra for both funding and military aid during his invasions of the Parthian Empire and the Kingdom of Armenia. The Donations of Alexandria declared their children rulers over various territories under Antony's authority. Octavian portrayed this event as an act of treason, forced Antony's allies in the Roman Senate to flee Rome in 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. After defeating Antony and Cleopatra's naval fleet at the 31 BC Battle of Actium, Octavian's forces invaded Egypt in 30 BC and defeated Antony, who committed suicide. After his death, Cleopatra reportedly killed herself, probably by poisoning, to avoid being publicly displayed by Octavian in a Roman triumphal procession.

Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient and modern works of art. Roman historiography and Latin poetry produced a generally critical view of the queen that pervaded later Medieval and Renaissance literature. In the visual arts, her ancient depictions include Roman busts, paintings, sculptures, cameo carvings and glass, Ptolemaic and Roman coinage, and reliefs. In Renaissance and Baroque art, she was the subject of many works including operas, paintings, poetry, sculptures, and theatrical dramas. She has become a pop culture icon of Egyptomania since the Victorian era, and in modern times has appeared in the applied and fine arts, burlesque satire, Hollywood films, and brand images for commercial products.